Which of these factors can contribute to bakeries producing cakes with cracks on top?

Producing cakes with cracks on top is often the result of the batter's consistency and how the cake interacts with the oven environment. When a cake batter is too stiff or if the oven temperature is set too high, the cake can rise too quickly, creating excess steam that leads to cracking as the outer layer of the cake sets before the inside has fully risen.

A batter that is overly stiff may not allow for an even rise, leading to uneven baking and potential cracking. Similarly, a high oven temperature can cause the outer layer to cook much faster than the inner portion, resulting in stress that causes cracks on the top.

These factors emphasize the importance of understanding both the consistency of the batter and the control of baking temperature. Proper adjustments in these areas can help achieve a smooth, even surface on cakes.